Description
Today, navigation instruments such as radar, radio, and satellites update a ship’s position continuously. During the 17th and 18th Centuries, manual calculations had to be made using instruments such as the backstaff, octant, or sextant.

The term “sextant” refers to an arc of 60°. The sextant is a portable instrument that measures angles between distant objects. It is an instrument that has been used in the fields of astronomy, surveying and navigation. When navigating, the sextant is used to measure latitude to an accuracy of 0.01 of a degree. To use the sextant the navigator moves the index arm until the index mirror appears to line up the sun within the horizon mirror. By reading the angle off the index arm, the angle of the sun (and therefore the ship's latitude) can be calculated.

Much thought was put into the design for the sextant in an attempt to make them as accurate as possible. The first examples of sextants were made of brass and were mostly large and heavy. Over time the frame was designed to be rigid and light. A successful and popular design in the 18th Century was the “double-frame” or “pillar frame” sextant which was patented by Troughton in 1788.


The Search for Longitude

The sextant was also used in an attempt to determine longitude as well as latitude. In the 1750s, Tobias Mayer’s design of a reflecting circle was given to the British Board of Longitude who gave the instrument to Captain John Campbell to test fully at sea. Campbell liked the idea but found the circle too awkward to use. John Bird was ordered by Campbell to design a 60° arc (the sextant), which he thought to be adequate for the longitude measurements required.